Definitions of terms often vary a
little from one school to the next. This list represents generally
accepted definitions for some of terms you are likely to encounter
during your college experience. It is your responsibility as a student
to check with your school to clarify the definition of a particular
term.
Check out the NETnet
glossary of technical terms associated with distance learning
Academic
advisement:
A meeting between a student and an advisor to discuss career plans,
program of study or class selections prior to registration.
Academic drop:
Dismissal from the school for academic ineligibility (unsatisfactory
academic work).
Academic probation:
A status resulting from unsatisfactory academic work; a warning that
the student must improve academic performance or be dismissed after
a specific period of time.
Academic standing:
The scholastic standing of a student based on his/her grade point
average (GPA).
Academic year:
The period of formal academic instruction, usually extending from
August through May. It is divided into fall and spring semesters.
Students may also be able to take classes during summer sessions,
mini-mesters or intersessions.
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Accreditation:
The Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association
of Colleges and Schools (SACS) is
the recognized regional accrediting body in the eleven U.S. Southern
states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia) and
in Latin America for those institutions of higher education that award
associate, baccalaureate, master's or doctoral degrees. Accreditation
is certification that a college meets a set of criteria established
by SACS.
ACT:
A test published by American College
Testing which measures a student's aptitude in mathematical
and verbal comprehension and problem solving. Many four-year colleges
require students to take this test and submit their test scores when
they apply for admission. Some colleges accept this test or the SAT.
Most students take the ACT or the SAT during their junior or senior
year of high school.
Adds/drops:
Refers to changes of registration in which a student enrolls or stops
enrollment in a course.
Adjunct faculty:
Part-time faculty member.
Admissions counselor:
A person working in a college Admission and Registration Department
who assists students preparing application materials.
Advanced placement:
A waiver of some of the classes normally required for an undergraduate
degree, granted to a student based on a student's prior study or experience
(usually indicated by the student's performance on a special examination).
Alma mater:
The school from which one has graduated, as in "My alma mater
is The University of Texas at Arlington."
Alumnus/alumni:
A person/persons who attended or graduated from a particular school.
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Annotated bibliography:
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books,
articles, and documents followed by a brief descriptive paragraph.
The purpose of the annotation or description is to inform the reader
of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
Articulation agreement:
A written agreement listing courses at one college that are equivalent
to courses at another college. These agreements
facilitate the smooth transition of students through the secondary,
community college and university educational systems.
Articulated credit:
Allows high school students to take courses that lead to college credit
in technical courses. Course credit is awarded by the college after
the student has enrolled at a participating college.
Assignment:
Required reading and course work to be completed outside of the classroom
as determined by instructors. Many instructors list assignments on
a syllabus, which is distributed at the beginning of the semester.
Other instructors give assignments during class.
Assistantship:
A study grant of financial assistance to a graduate student which
is offered by a department in return for certain services (teaching,
research). Those services are supervised by a faculty/staff member.
Associate's degree:
A degree traditionally awarded by community or junior colleges after
two years of study, or completion of 60 to 64 semester hours.
Asynchronous communication
or interaction:
Any act of exchanging information involving a delay between the sending
and the receiving of the message. It means ‘not at the same
time,’ as in an asynchronous on-line course, in which the faculty
leaves messages for students, who read them later. Opposite of synchronous.
Audit:
Enrolling in a class on an audit basis means the class would not count
for credit or grade point average. In some cases the audit fee is
less than the tuition rate. Registration for audit may require the
permission of the instructor.
Auditory learner:
Learns through listening; these students learn best through verbal
lectures, discussions, talking things through and listening to what
others have to say. Auditory learners interpret the underlying meanings
of speech through listening to tone of voice, pitch, speed and other
nuances. Written information may have little meaning until it is heard.
These learners often benefit from reading text aloud and using a tape
recorder.
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B.A. or B.S.:
B.A. stands for "Bachelor of Arts", and B.S. stands for
"Bachelor of Science." These degrees usually take four years
to complete. Some colleges only grant B.A.'s and others only grant
B.S.'s -- it depends on the kinds of courses offered at the particular
college.
Bachelor's degree or baccalaureate:
The degree of bachelor of arts or bachelor of science, typically requiring
120 hours of specified course work
Blue book:
A booklet with a blue cover that contains lined paper for writing
essay test answers. Blue books are usually available for purchase
in the campus bookstore.
Bursar/cashier:
The office (or person) where fees/tuition are paid.
Campus:
The area where the buildings of a college or university are located.
Cashier/bursar:
The office (or person) where fees/tuition are paid.
Certificate programs:
Programs that offer short-term training in a wide variety of areas
and are often offered by community and technical colleges.
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CEU:
Continuing Education Unit; the amount of credit given for participating
in a continuing education course or training session. CEU's are rarely
considered as equivalent to academic credit.
Class standing:
This refers to your official year in school -Freshman, Sophomore,
Junior, or Senior – and is based on the number of college credits
you have completed.
Colloquium:
A gathering of scholars to discuss a given topic over a period of
a few hours to a few days.
Continuing education course:
A course outside the regular academic instructional program, for which
standard academic fees and tuition are (usually) not charged. While
most often these courses do not earn academic credits, they can provide
CEU's necessary for professional development or lead to professional
certifications.
Community college:
A two-year traditional school, offering programs leading to the Associate's
degree and, typically, many noncredit courses in arts, crafts, and
vocational fields for community members not seeking a degree. Also
called junior college.
Core course/general requirements:
These terms usually mean the same thing. Each degree program requires
that all students complete specific groups of courses.
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Correspondence course:
A course in which communication between student and instructor is
done with printed materials via the US Mail.
Course load:
Number of credit hours for which a student is enrolled during a semester.
Course number:
The identification code for each course.
Course overload:
Defined by most colleges as over 18 credits for undergraduates. Graduate
school overload is usually over 12 credits. Approval is required to
take an overload.
Course sections:
Course numbers may be divided when classes also meet in discussion
sections, or when a course number has sections pertaining to different
topics under the same heading. For instance, a course called Phenomenological
Thinkers may have section 001: Husserl and section 002: Heidegger.
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Credit:
A credit is the value assigned to a course. Usually one credit equals
one 50 minute class period per week. Many courses carry 3 credits
and meet for three 50 minute periods a week.
Credit course:
A class with specified learning goals which the student is required
to meet in order to pass the course and that may be applied toward
the fulfillment of degree requirements at a college or university.
Critical thinking:
An essential tool of inquiry; purposeful,
self-regulatory judgment that results in interpretation, analysis,
evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential,
conceptual, methodological, criteriological, or contextual considerations
upon which that judgment is based. The ideal critical thinker is habitually
inquisitive, well-informed, trustful of reason, open-minded, flexible,
fair-minded in evaluation, honest in facing personal biases, prudent
in making judgments, willing to reconsider, clear about issues, orderly
in complex matters, diligent in seeking relevant information, reasonable
in the selection of criteria, focused in inquiry, and persistent in
seeking results which are as precise as the subject and the circumstances
of inquiry permit. (from http://www.insightassessment.com/dex.html)
Cum Laude:
An honorary recognition of the success of a graduating student. Usually
requires a GPA of 3.4 or better, but varies by school.
Curriculum:
A program of courses to be taken in pursuit of a degree or other objective.
Dean:
Director or the highest authority within an academic division of study.
An Academic Dean heads each School and College. In addition to the
academic deans, there is often a Dean of Students who heads the Student
Affairs department.
Dean's list:
The list of full-time, undergraduate students whose GPA was at a certain
level (usually a B+ or higher) for a given semester.
Deferment:
The postponing of a fee; to be paid later.
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Degree:
Diploma or title awarded to a student who completed a prescribed course
of study.
Degree program:
An organized sequence of classes that leads to the awarding of a college
degree at the undergraduate or graduate level.
Degree requirement:
A set of requirements, which a student must fulfill before s/he graduates.
Delivery method:
Means by which a course is accessible to the student; can be television
at a remote site, cable TV, videotape, via the Internet, CD ROM, computer
disk or by standard mail. Many distance education courses have a F2F
(face-to-face) component as well.
Department:
A division of the school which offers instruction in a specific branch
of knowledge.
Department chair:
The faculty member in charge of an academic department of the university.
Distance education:
A formal learning activity which occurs when students and instructor
are separated by geographic distance or by time, often supported by
communications technology such as television, videotape, computers,
email, mail, or interactive videoconferencing.
Distance learning:
The process by which technology is used for education in ways where
the student does not have to physically be in the place where the
teaching is taking place. Access to the instructor is gained through
technology such as the Internet, interactive videoconferencing and
satellite.
Dissertation:
The major research project normally required as part of the work for
a doctoral degree. Dissertations are expected to make a new and creative
contribution to the field of study, or to demonstrate one's excellence
in the field.
Doctoral degree:
The most advanced degree, awarded following of additional study, often
after completion of a master's degree.
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Double major:
Studying simultaneously for two degrees in two majors, fulfilling
the class requirements for both majors.
Early registration:
Students complete a final course selection and make a payment or deposit
for tuition and fees in advance of the general student population.
Elective:
A course you choose to take that is not required in your major field
of study, but may be used for credit toward a degree.
Electronic mail (email):
A system of exchanging messages by means of computers attached to
a network.
Equivalency examination:
An examination designed to demonstrate knowledge in a subject where
the learning was acquired outside a traditional classroom. A person
who learned management skills while working at a restaurant, for instance,
could take an equivalency exam to earn credit in, say, small business
management.
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Essay:
A method of examination, or homework, by which a student presents
his/her knowledge of the subject by writing a composition.
Extracurricular activities:
Activities pertinent to student life, but not part of the regular
classroom study. For example: athletics, publications and social organizations.
Facilitator:
The person in an interactive videoconferencing classroom who assists
the instructor or students with technical and troubleshooting issues,
distribution of handouts, collection of tests and evaluations, etc.
Not all distance education classrooms have facilitators.
Faculty:
The members of the teaching staff, and occasionally the administrative
staff, of an educational institution. Faculty may hold the rank of
professor, associate professor, assistant professor, instructor, lecturer,
research associate, research assistant, or the equivalent of any of
these academic ranks. See adjunct faculty.
FAFSA (Free
Application for Federal Student
Aid):
A form that all students applying for financial assistance are required
to complete in order to determine eligibility for financial aid. This
form is available from your high school career center or guidance
counselor or from any college financial aid office. Visit Financial
Aid Links for more information.
FAQ:
Frequently asked questions. Increasingly, on Internet and in print,
information sources provide a list of FAQ's to assist newcomers in
learning more on their own.
Fees:
An amount of money charged by institutions (in addition to tuition)
to cover costs of certain services (health services, athletic center,
registration, parking, and for the use of lab equipment or computers
etc.).
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Final examination:
The last, and often the most comprehensive, examination of the semester's
class material.
Financial aid/assistance:
Money available from various sources to help students pay for college.
Students must establish eligibility and funds can be competitive.
Financial aid package:
Total amount of financial aid given to a student. Federal and non-Federal
aid such as grants, loans, and work-study are combined to help meet
the student's need. Using available resources to give each student
the best possible package of aid is one of the major responsibilities
of a school's financial aid administrator.
Financial need:
In the context of student financial aid, financial need is equal to
the cost of education (estimated costs for college attendance and
basic living expenses) minus the expected family contribution (the
amount a student's family is expected to pay, which varies according
to the family's financial resources).
Fraternity:
A social organization for male students, with specific objectives,
rules and regulations.
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Full-time student:
student with a full course load (usually 12 or more credit hours per
semester).
GED certificate
or diploma:
The equivalent to a high school diploma. It certifies that a person
has obtained a passing score on five separate tests: Writing Skills,
Social Studies, Science, Interpreting Literature and the Arts, and
Mathematics.
GPA (Grade Point
Average):
A system of recording academic achievement based on an average of
a student's grades. Your semester GPA is an average of grade points
earned during that semester. Cumulative GPA is an average of all grade
points earned in a certain degree program or at a certain college
or university.
Grades:
Evaluative scores provided for each course, and often for individual
examinations or papers written for that course. There are letter grades
(usually A, B, C, D, F) and number grades (usually percentages from
0% to 100%), or on a scale of 0 to 3, 0 to 4, or 0 to 5. Some schools
use a pass/fail system with no grades.
Graduate studies:
Coursework beyond the bachelor’s degree that leads to a master’s
degree, professional or doctoral degree.
Grant:
A sum of money given to a student for the purposes of paying at least
part of the cost of college. A grant does not have to be repaid.
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Hybrid course:
Hybrid courses are a combination of two or more of the types of distance
learning courses (e.g., web, email, ITV ) with traditional classroom
instruction. Hybrid courses have a website, and although they have
several face-to-face (F2F) class sessions, most assignments and communication
with the instructor take place by email (online) or through interactive
videoconferencing.
Incomplete
grade:
An "I" (incomplete grade) may be reported for a student
who carried coursework satisfactorily until near the end of the semester,
but who is then unable to complete the course, possibly including
the final exam. If the student does not remove the "I" according
to the schools time frame/policy, the "I" will be changed
to an "F."
Independent study:
A method of receiving credit for study or research independent of
the assignments of any specific course, but supervised and graded
by a faculty member.
Instructional Television:
Videotaped course lectures; also called a telecourse.
Internet course:
Web-based course completed
online. Also called an online
course. May or may not be self-paced.
Intersession:
Instruction offered between the regular fall and spring semesters.
Sometimes called mini-mesters.
ITV interactive videoconferencing:
Two-way audio and/or video; videoconferencing. Classes
are shared by local sites connecting to remote sites. Depending on
how the course is set up, students at both sites can see, hear, and
interact with each another.
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Junior College:
A two-year traditional school, offering programs leading to the Associate's
degree and, typically, many noncredit courses in arts, crafts, and
vocational fields for community members not seeking a degree. Also
called community college.
Kinesthetic
learner:
Learns through moving, doing and touching; these students learn
best through a hands-on approach, actively exploring the physical
world around them. They may find it hard to sit still for long periods
and may become distracted by their need for activity and exploration.
Laboratory
(lab):
A classroom where practical learning and demonstration take place
in science, language, and other subjects.
Learning strategies:
Activities that help people use their own learning style to best approach
new learning.
Learning style:
The way a person takes in, understands, expresses and remembers information;
the way a person learns best. See auditory, kinesthetic, and visual
learning.
Lecture:
A common method of instruction in university courses, when a faculty
member conveys information by speaking to a class.
Live interaction:
Ability for students to participate in real-time in classes offered
at a distance using electronic technology (videoconferencing or "chat"
mode on the Internet).
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Loan:
A type of financial aid that is available to students and to the parents
of students. An education loan must be repaid. In many cases payments
do not begin until the student finishes school.
Lower division course:
A course that is intended for freshman and sophomore level students.
Magna Cum
Laude:
High honorary recognition of the success of a graduating student.
Usually requires a GPA of 3.6 or better, but varies by school.
Major:
The subject or area of study in which a student concentrates.
M.A./M.S.:
Master of Arts/Master of Science awarded upon completion of a one
or two year program of graduate study.
Master's degree:
An advanced degree awarded by a university after completion of studies
beyond a bachelor's degree.
Matriculated student:
A matriculated student has been accepted for admission to the college,
has registered in a curriculum and is pursuing courses toward a degree
or certificate.
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Mid-term examination:
An (often major) examination given in the middle of the semester.
Minor:
The subject or area of studies in which a student concentrates to
a lesser degree than in his/her "major."
Multiple-choice examination:
An examination in which questions are followed by two or more answers,
from which a student selects the correct answer.
Non-credit
course:
A class that typically meets only once or just a few times and that
contributes toward personal or occupational development rather than
being applicable toward a college degree.
Non-matriculated student:
A non-matriculated student is
one who has not yet been accepted for admission to the college, has
lost matriculated status by not enrolling in coursework for one semester,
or has been suspended from a program because of failure to maintain
good academic standing.
Objective
test:
An examination in which questions requiring a very short answer are
posed. It can be multiple choice, true/false, fill-in-the-blank, etc.
The questions are related to facts (thus objective) rather than to
opinions (or subjective).
Open admissions:
A policy that supports admission to most or all students who apply
to the school. At some colleges it means that anyone who has a high
school diploma or a GED can enroll. At other schools it means that
anyone 18 years old or over can enroll. "Open admission,"
therefore, can mean slightly different things at different schools.
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Open-book examination:
A student is permitted to use his/her textbook and classroom notes
during the exam.
Oral examination:
A student answers questions by speaking rather than by writing.
Part-time
student:
A student who carries less than a full load of courses.
Pass/fail:
A grading system that rates a student's performance on pass/fail basis,
rather than on grades (A,B,C,D,F).
Ph.D.:
The highest academic degree awarded by a university to students who
have completed studies beyond the bachelor's and/or master's degrees,
and who have demonstrated their academic ability in oral and written
examinations and through original research presented in the form of
a dissertation (thesis). Also called a doctoral degree.
Placement test:
An examination used to test a student's academic ability in a certain
subject so s/he can be placed in a course at an appropriate level.
In some cases students may get course credits after scoring high on
a placement test.
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Plagiarism:
Passing off someone else's work as your own. You must follow certain
guidelines to properly acknowledge the use of other people's ideas
in your work. The guidelines vary by academic discipline and by institution,
and you should ask your instructor if you have any questions about
the proper citation of sources. This is considered a serious offense
at every institution, and can result in permanent
expulsion from the class, and in some cases from the college. Cite
your sources properly!
Pop-quiz:
A quiz that the instructor has not previously informed the students
about.
Postsecondary:
Refers to all programs for students leaving high school, including
programs at community colleges, technical colleges, four-year colleges
and universities.
Prerequisites:
These are the minimum requirements for enrolling in a course. They
are often listed in the class schedule and in course descriptions.
For example, Spanish I is a prerequisite for Spanish II.
Proctor:
A person who supervises the taking of an examination to be certain
there is no cheating, and that other rules are followed.
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Professional development courses:
Courses offered to improve knowledge and skills in a specific professional
areas, such as professional certification programs. Usually not offered
for academic credit.
PSAT/NMSQT:
The Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test/National Merit Scholarship
Qualifying Test, a practice test that helps students prepare for the
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). The PSAT is usually administered to
tenth or eleventh grade students. Although colleges do not see a student's
PSAT/NMSQT score, a student who does very well on this test and who
meets many other academic performance criteria may qualify for the
National Merit Scholarship Program.
Quiz:
A short test, written or oral, usually less formal than an exam.
Readmission
or re-entry:
Approval of the enrollment or admission of a former student.
Registrar:
The official at most colleges and universities who is responsible
for maintaining student records and, in many cases, for verifying
and validating applications for admission.
Registration:
Students complete a final course selection and make a payment or deposit
for tuition and fees.
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Required courses:
Classes that a student must take in order to complete his/her degree.
In many cases, these courses must be passed with a grade C or better.
Research paper:
A formal written report that includes research findings and a student's
own ideas.
ROTC:
Reserve Officers Training
Corps program; a scholarship program wherein the
military covers the cost of tuition, fees and textbooks and also provides
a monthly allowance. Scholarship recipients participate in summer
training while in college and fulfill a military service commitment
after college.
SAT:
Scholastic Aptitude Test
that measures a student's aptitude in mathematical and verbal comprehension
and problem solving. Many colleges require students to take this test
and submit their test scores when they apply for admission. Some colleges
accept this test or the ACT. Most students take the SAT or the ACT
during their junior or senior year of high school.
Sabbatical:
A period of time (usually one semester) when a faculty member is not
teaching, but concentrating on his/her own education or research.
Schedule of classes:
This publication is issued prior to each semester and lists course
numbers, hours, locations, and registration facts.
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Scholarship:
A sum of money given to a student for the purposes of paying at least
part of the cost of college. Scholarships can be awarded to students
based on academic achievements, financial need or on many other factors.
Scholarships and grants to not have to be repaid.
Self-directed learning:
A process in which students take the initiative to diagnose their
learning needs, formulate learning goals, identify resources for learning,
select and implement learning strategies, and evaluate learning outcomes.The
role of the instructor shifts from being the 'sage on the stage' to
the 'guide on the side' in a self-directed learning environment.
Semester:
A period of study of approximately 15-16 weeks, usually half of the
academic year (fall and spring semesters).
Seminar:
Most commonly offered as upper-level and graduate courses, these are
small classes of approximately 15 students each, designed to facilitate
intensive study of specific subject areas.
Sorority:
A social organization for female students, with specific objectives,
rules and regulations.
Statement of purpose:
A detailed description of the career the applicant intends to pursue
after graduation. A statement of purpose is often requested as part
of the admissions procedure at a university.
Subjective test:
An examination in which the answers are in the form of narrative sentences
or long or short essays, often expressing opinions rather than reporting
facts.
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Summa Cum Laude:
The highest honorary recognition of the success of a graduating student.
Usually requires a GPA of 3.8 or better, but varies by school.
Syllabus:
This is a detailed course description with topics to be covered, required
reading, and completion dates.
Synchronous:
At the same time. In a synchronous online or videoconferencing course,
the faculty and students can interact with one another in real time.
Opposite of asynchronous.
Take-home
examination:
An examination that may be completed at home. Since students may use
additional resources, these exams are usually more difficult than
in-class exams.
Telecourse:
Videotaped course lectures; also called Instructional Television.
Term paper:
A written original work discussing a topic in detail, usually several
typed pages in length. Often due at the end of a semester.
Test:
An examination, or any other procedure that measures the academic
abilities of students.
Transcript:
A list of all the courses a student has taken with the grades that
the student earned in each course. A college will often require a
high school transcript when a student applies for admission to the
college.
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Transferability:
The extent to which a course taken from one campus may be accepted
by another campus; variations determining full or partial transfer
of the credit depend on such factors as whether the receiving campus
offers an equivalent or similar course at comparable levels of academic
expectation for learning; academic advisors and campus coordinators
have information about whether and how specific courses will transfer
to their institutions and degree programs. Make sure you get transfer
arrangements IN WRITING and BEFORE you enroll.
Transfer student:
A student who has earned credit in one school, and then transfers
to another school.
True/False examination:
An examination in which questions are answered by marking "True"
or "False."
Tuition:
The amount of money that colleges charge for classroom and other instruction.
Tuition can vary widely between colleges, and does not cover "fees"
or cost of books and other materials.
Tuition waiver:
A form of financial assistance in which the school charges little
or no tuition.
Tutoring:
A method of providing help to students by instruction outside of class.
Advanced students work with individuals or small groups to increase
their understanding of the material. Also called peer tutoring.
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Undergraduate
studies:
A two or four-year program in a college or a university, following
high school graduation, which leads to an associate or bachelor's
degree.
Upper division course:
One that is intended for junior and senior level students.
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Videoconferencing
(ITV):
Two-way audio and/or video; interactive videoconferencing. Classes
are shared by local sites connecting to remote sites. Depending on
how the course is set up, students at both sites can see, hear, and
interact with each another.
Virtual Field Trip (VFT):
Can be online or via videoconferencing. If online, the class uses
a web site created by the instructor to "visit" a setting
by viewing pictures, video and/or audio clips, and reading the text
provided. If via ITV, the class is connected to experts in a particular
field or to other student 'hosts" at a remote location, all via
videoconference.
Visiting faculty:
Faculty members who come to the university from another institution
for an appointment of a year or less, sometimes to fill a temporary
vacancy.
Visual learner:
Learns through seeing; these students need to see the instructor's
body language and facial expression to fully understand the content
of a lesson. They tend to prefer sitting at the front of the classroom
to avoid visual obstructions (e.g. people's heads). They may think
in pictures and learn best from visual displays including: diagrams,
illustrated text books, overhead transparencies, videos, flipcharts
and hand-outs. During a lecture or classroom discussion, visual learners
often prefer to take detailed notes to absorb the information.
Vocational-Technical (Terminal)
Program:
An educational program designed to prepare students for immediate
employment. Most courses in a terminal program are nontransferable
to other colleges or universities.
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Waiver:
An agreement that a specific class which is a part of a degree or
certificate program is not required for a particular student. Get
all waivers signed and in writing!
Webquest:
An inquiry-oriented activity in which most or all of the information
used by students is online. By providing links necessary to complete
the quest, the student is able to focus on the material rather than
spend time looking for it. The five-part WebQuest (Introduction, Task,
Process, Evaluation and Conclusion) promotes critical thinking at
the levels of analysis, synthesis and evaluation.
Withdrawal:
The procedure in which a student officially removes himself/herself
from taking a class, or from an institution. Tuition may or may not
be refunded, depending on the date of withdrawal.
Work-study program:
A program that allows students to work part-time during the school
year as part of their financial aid package. The jobs are usually
on campus and the money earned is used to pay tuition or other college
expenses.
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